The reliability and validity of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping for muscles under active contraction.

Rapid mapping is a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping method which can significantly reduce data collection time compared to traditional approaches. However, its validity and reliability has only been established for upper-limb muscles during resting-state activity. Here, we determined the validity and reliability of rapid mapping for non-upper limb muscles that require active contraction during TMS: the masseter and quadriceps muscles. Eleven healthy participants attended two sessions, spaced two hours apart, each involving rapid and 'traditional' mapping of the masseter muscle and three quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis). Map parameters included map volume, map area and centre of gravity (CoG) in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. Low to moderate measurement errors (%SEMeas = 10-32) were observed across muscles. Relative reliability varied from good-to-excellent (ICC = 0.63-0.99) for map volume, poor-to-excellent (ICC = 0.11-0.86) for map area, and fair-to-excellent for CoG (ICC = 0.25-0.8) across muscles. There was Bayesian evidence of equivalence (BF's > 3) in most map outcomes between rapid and traditional maps across all muscles, supporting the validity of the rapid mapping method. Overall, rapid TMS mapping produced similar estimates of map parameters to the traditional method, however the reliability results were mixed. As mapping of non-upper limb muscles is relatively challenging, rapid mapping is a promising substitute for traditional mapping, however further work is required to refine this method.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Neuroethics and AI ethics: a proposal for collaboration.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Neural acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase deregulation during streptozotocin-induced behavioral, metabolic and redox modification in Nauphoeta cinerea.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Ectopically expressed rhodopsin is not sensitive to X-rays.

Visual perception of X-radiation is a well-documented, but poorly understood phenomenon. Scotopic rod cells and rhodopsin have been implicated in visual responses to X-rays, however, some evidence suggests that X-rays excite the retina via a different mechanism than visible light. While rhodopsin's role in X-ray perception is unclear, the possibility that it could function as an X-ray receptor has led to speculation that it could act as a transgenically expressed X-ray receptor. If so, it could be used to transduce transcranial X-ray signals and control the activity of genetically targeted populations of neurons in a less invasive version of optogenetics, X-genetics. Here we investigate whether human rhodopsin (hRho) is capable of transducing X-ray signals when expressed outside of the retinal environment. We use a live-cell cAMP GloSensor luminescence assay to measure cAMP decreases in hRho-expressing HEK293 cells in response to visible light and X-ray stimulation. We show that cAMP GloSensor luminescence decreases are not observed in hRho-expressing HEK293 cells in response to X-ray stimulation, despite the presence of robust responses to visible light. Additionally, irradiation had no significant effect on cAMP GloSensor responses to subsequent visible light stimulation. These results suggest that ectopically expressed rhodopsin does not function as an X-ray receptor and is not capable of transducing transcranial X-ray signals into neural activity for X-ray mediated, genetically targeted neuromodulation.

被引量：- 发表：1970

Intracerebroventricular administration of the exercise hormone irisin or acute strenuous exercise alleviates epileptic seizure-induced neuroinflammation and improves memory dysfunction in rats.

Status epilepticus is a common and potentially life-threatening neurological emergency with a high risk for cognitive and neurobiological impairment. Our aim was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of centrally administered irisin and acute exhausting exercise against oxidative brain injury and memory dysfunction due to a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced single seizure. Male Sprague Dawley rats with intracerebroventricular (icv) cannulas were randomly divided into intraperitoneally (ip) saline-injected control and PTZ-injected (45 mg/kg) seizure groups. Both the control and PTZ groups were then treated with irisin (7.5 µg/kg, 2 µl, icv), saline (2 µl, icv) or were forced to an acute bout of strenuous exercise before the ip injection of saline (control) or PTZ. Seizures were evaluated using the Racine score. To evaluate memory performance, a passive avoidance test was performed before and after PTZ injection. Following euthanasia at the 24th hour of seizure induction, brain tissues were removed for histopathological examination and for evaluating oxidative damage, antioxidant capacity, and neurotransmitter levels. Glutamate/GABA imbalance observed in PTZ rats was corrected by irisin administration (p < 0.001/p < 0.01), while irisin prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05 - 0.001) and replenished the antioxidant catalase and glutathione levels (p < 0.01-0.01) in the cerebral tissue, and reduced the histologically evident neuronal injury due to a single seizure (p < 0.05 - 0.01). Irisin also delayed the onset of seizures (p < 0.05) and improved memory dysfunction (p < 0.05), but did not affect the severity of seizures. The acute exhaustive swimming exercise completed before PTZ-seizure depressed glutamate level (p < 0.001), maintained the oxidant/antioxidant balance, alleviated neuronal injury (p < 0.05 - 0.01) and upregulated cerebral BDNF expression (p < 0.05). In conclusion, acute high-intensity exercise or exogenously administered irisin provides neuroprotection by maintaining the balance of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters and oxidant/antioxidant systems.

被引量：- 发表：1970