Cholangiocarcinoma: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors.

被引量：19 发表：1970

Anti-TNF-alpha treatment strategies: results and clinical perspectives.

The advent of anti-TNF therapies has led to a significant expansion of the therapeutic armamentarium for inflammatory bowel diseases. Control of inflammation has been achieved with three biologic agents infliximab, adalimumab and certolizumab pegol. All agents are effective in both induction and maintenance of remission. For fistula healing in Crohn's disease, both infliximab and adalimumab have been shown to be effective, whereas for mucosal healing hard evidence is only available for infliximab. Anti-TNF agents appear to be more effective in patients who have a shorter disease history and who have not yet been treated with any of these agents. There is a clear tendency to use anti TNF therapy earlier in the course of inflammatory bowel disease, but predictive markers to select patients who really need these therapies are urgently needed.

被引量：- 发表：2009

Defensin-immunology in inflammatory bowel disease.

Defensins are endogenous antibiotics with microbicidal activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses and protozoa. A disturbed antimicrobial defense, as provided by Paneth- and other epithelial cell defensins, seems to be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Conspicuously, there is a relative lack of Paneth cell beta-defensins HD-5 and HD-6 in ileal Crohn's disease, both in the absence of a pattern recognition receptor NOD2 mutation and, even more pronounced, in its presence. This deficit is independent of concurrent active inflammation and results in a diminished antibacterial killing by the mucosa. The Crohn's disease mucosa has not only a significant lack in killing different Escherichia coli but also an impaired ability in clearing Staphylococcus aureus as well as anaerobic micro-organisms. Thus, this dysfunction in antibacterial barrier seems to be broad and is not restricted to a single bacterial strain. In addition to directly controlling barrier function, Paneth cell defensins also regulate the composition of the bacterial stool flora. In the majority of patients, the Paneth cell deficiency is mediated by WNT signalling which suggests a disturbed Paneth cell differentiation in ileal Crohn's disease. In contrast, colonic Crohn's disease is characterised by an impaired induction of mucosal beta-defensins, partly due to a low copy number of the beta-defensin gene cluster. Therefore it seems plausible that bacteria take advantage of a niche formed by defensin deficiency. This would represent a paradigm shift in understanding Crohn's disease and provides a target for future therapeutic strategies.

被引量：- 发表：2009

[Irritable bowel syndrome: from the gut to the brain-gut].

被引量：5 发表：1970

[Brain-gut axis dysfunction].

被引量：9 发表：2009